Essay about Environmental Pollution - 1267 Words

Environmental Pollution ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Automobiles like these are around the world everyday, and their exhaust destroys our air everyday. Our environment is a major aspect of our life today. Many of us dont take our Earth seriously and think that as long as pollution doesnt hurt them they can go ahead and throw garbage on the ground or spill oil down the drain. Well to many people have that theory and they are killing off our Earth and also physically harming themselves from the air they breath and the water they swim in. Our Earth is fragile like a human and people dont know. There are many different types of environmental pollution (e.g. Water, air, atmospheric.) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Scientists believe that all†¦show more content†¦If this depletion opens up dangerous and deadly UV Rays from the sun will come into Earth. Air pollution causes global warming which scientist believe is making the Earth warmer and melting ice up in the South and North Pole. The country Holland has had water from the ocean got too high for them and flooded into towns. Holland spent millions of dollars to put up â€Å"dikes† which are big barriers in the water to prevent their town to be completely submerged. With the ocean getting deeper coastal cites all around the world could flood, billions of dollars would be spent to try to prevent it, but in a while it could not be stopped. Instead of waiting and having to spend all this money why dont we put it together today and try different ways of preventing air pollution, it would be much easier than all the trouble of stopping flooding. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Water pollution is another major aspect of environmental pollution. Water pollution is scary because over 75% of our Earth is covered by the ocean. Water pollution comes from many different sources around the world. One major pollutant that destroys the ocean is oil spills. The oil from an oil spill kills hundreds of sea animals from fish, to whales, to birds. Below is a small list of just some of the major oil spills. Notice how many tons were spilled into our ocean... Notable Oil Spills Datenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Locationnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Descriptionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TonsShow MoreRelatedEssay On Environmental Pollution1605 Words   |  7 Pageswith the issue of environmental pollution, especially soil, water, air and thermal pollution. This has caused some people to leave their homes, animals to die and even children to become sick which is quite disheartening. This paper addresses the environmental pollution problem by looking at the causes, the effects, and some possible remedies or solutions that we can employ. It engages in online research as well as field research. 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Some of the problems we face on earth are: deforestation, nuclear waste, acid rain, global warming, overpopulation and some animals are endangered. Air pollution has many different sources. Power-generated plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, and steel mills contribute to about 140 million tons of pollutants into the air every year. Automobiles accountRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment871 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the biggest problems that the world faces today is environmental pollution. The increasing demand for goods and resource consumption are destroying this world. The environment is deteriorating fast along with its ability to support life for future generations. Therefore, who is responsible for the deterioration of the world? Industrialized nations who contribute tons of toxic waste per day or individuals who are not aware of their impact on the environment. According to Derrick JensenRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Pollution On The Environment1405 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Environmental pollution is a major problem in the world, posing many health risks to both humans and the environment when exposed to the pollutants for long periods of time. Environmental pollution can simply be defined as â€Å"the presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially damaging to either the environment or human health (Briggs, 2003, 2).† There are many different types of pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Environmental pollution needsRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution Control Measures8416 Words   |  34 PagesChapter 6 Environmental Pollution Control Measures While modern societies face growing concern about global environmental issues, developing countries are experiencing complex, serious and fast-growing pollution problems of their own. The potent combination of industrialization, urban development and mass consumption trends is exacerbated by foreign companies operating with little regard for the impact on the local environment. Environmental pollution is more than just a health issue; it is a widerRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment3497 Words   |  14 Pages Nowadays environmental pollution is one of the hottest topics in society. Ned Haluzan concludes,â€Å"The most appropriate definition of environmental pollution would be the introduction of different harmful pollutants into certain environment that makes this environment unhealthy to live in.†(1) In other words, the natural environment has been destroyed by human activities, and thus harmful to the phenomenon of humans and other organisms for survival and development. With continued increaseRead MoreHuman Inequality And Environmental Pollution1928 Words   |  8 Pageswhich had registered 18% or more each year from 2006 to 2011 (Gough, January 19, 2016). Nonetheless, such massive growth of the nation stand widely clouded by a dark sky of biting inequality and massive concerns of environmental dilapidation. Biting human inequality and Environmental pollution has been for long time and continues to be a serious problem in China. These two closely tied problems are evident mostly in education, health, economic situations, politics and the Chinese labor which is more of

Applying Concepts From The Health Belief Model - 2340 Words

4. Apply concepts from the Health Belief Model to discuss why some women do not engage in behavior to prevent osteoporosis. In what other settings has the HBM been shown to be useful? Synthesize why the simplicity of the Health Belief Model is both a positive and a negative. Developed in the 1950s, the Health Belief Model (HBM) is a model that attempts to clarify why individuals do not partake in accessible health services by using methods or approaches that directly or indirectly influence positive health behavioral outcomes based on intervention techniques. The concepts of HBM can be applied to why some women do not engage in behaviors to prevent Osteoporosis, for example. Based on the primary constructs of the HBM, there are six main reasons why women may not engage in preventing osteoporosis. The reasons are as follow: 1) belief in that they are not at risk of developing osteoporosis (perceived susceptibility), 2) lack in the belief that actual steps or actions against prevention will be effective (perceived severity), 3) belief in that any medical intervention will not minimize their chances of having osteoporosis in the future (perceived benefits), 4) belief in that financial loss, psychological implications, inconvenience of medical intervention may outweigh the possible benefits of disease prevention (perceived barriers), 5) lack of personal triggers in their day to day lives which encourage them to take action against osteoporosis (cues to action), and 6) lack ofShow MoreRelatedThe Health Belief Model Of College Students807 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1950’s the health belief model (HBM) was introduced to explain why people who are healthy, continue to participate in activities that keep them free of illness; while others neglect to be involved with healthy activities (Pender, Murdaugh, Parsons, 2015). PubMed was used to find this article with the limitations of an article written in the last five years, humans, and English; the Mesh words used was health belief model. The article Applying the health belief model to college students’Read More Psycho-Social Theory and Nursing Care Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagespsycho-social aspects in health care is vital (Walker et al, 2007). Those aspects are par ticularly important in nursing care, where an individual should be considered as the entire person with a need for physical, psychological, social, emotional, intellectual and even spiritual wellbeing (Holland et al, 2008). This essay will address psycho-social theory of health beliefs and attitudes in relation to nursing care. The essay will begin by considering how health beliefs lead to health behaviours. It willRead MoreEssay on Health Promotion1354 Words   |  6 PagesHealth promotion and teaching are important tools for nursing. By promoting health and health teaching, nurses can help lay the foundation for a healthier future. Major Concepts and Definitions BeliefÂâ€"a statement of sense, declared or implied, that is intellectually and/or emotionally accepted as true by a person or group. AttitudeÂâ€"a relatively constant feeling, predisposition, or a set of beliefs that is directed toward an object, a person, or a situation. ValueÂâ€"a preferenceRead More Health Promotion and Teaching as Tools for Nursing Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a Healthier Future Health promotion and teaching are important tools for nursing. By promoting health and health teaching, nurses can help lay the foundation for a healthier future. Major Concepts and Definitions Belief–a statement of sense, declared or implied, that is intellectually and/or emotionally accepted as true by a person or group. 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According to Alligood (2014), they address concepts such as person, environment, health, and nursing. Philosophies are derived from different theoretical works which affirm general ideas pertaining to those works. Philosophies are all basedRead MoreThe Neuman Systems Model Theory1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe Neuman Systems Model Nursing theories serve as thinking guides for nurses to follow in order to reach optimal outcomes for patients. Theories are applied in conjunction with experience one has gained and critical thinking in everyday nursing practice, research, and education. The Neuman Systems Model, which was created by Betty Neuman, is one example of a theory that has been in practice for decades and continues to be modified to reflect new research. When applying the NSM, the nurse focusesRead MoreThe Models Have Different Approaches Towards The Concept Of Nursing Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Both models have different approaches towards the concept of nursing. Leininger presented nursing as â€Å"activities directed toward assisting, enabling, and supporting with the cultural beliefs and values of the recipient of care† (Masters, 2014, p. 69). Nursing is a general profession which includes culturally congruent care; nurses provide care for members of diverse cultures. According to JaroÃ… ¡ovà ¡ (2014), nursing is presented by three types of activities which are culturally congruentRead MoreThe Neuman Systems Model Theory1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe Neuman Systems Model Nursing theories serve as thinking guides for nurses to follow in order to reach optimal outcomes for patients. Theories are applied in conjunction with experience one has gained and critical thinking in everyday nursing practice, research, and education. The Neuman Systems Model, which was created by Betty Neuman, is one example of a theory that has been in practice for decades and continues to be modified to reflect new research. When applying the NSM, the nurse focusesRead MoreThe Experience Of Becoming A Family1638 Words   |  7 PagesEndeavoring to become a family health nurse has been a long and rock-strewn journey. Yet, like climbing a mountain with its downfalls and peaks, I have become more astute in managing circumstances and have developed a new understanding of what a family nurse embodies. The purpose of this paper will be to illuminate the experience of becoming a family-oriented nurse and how I utilized my knowledge from Family Health course to achieve this outcome. I will deliberate on an event that summarizes my experience

Defense on socrates Essay Example For Students

Defense on socrates Essay Defense on SocratesThere are times in every mans life where our actions and beliefs collidethese collisions are known as contradictions. There are endless instances in which we are so determined to make a point that we resort to using absurd overstatements, demeaning language, and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly, in The Trial of Socrates (Platos Apology), Meletus fallacies in reason and his eventual mistake of contradicting himself will clear the accusations placed on Socrates. In this paper, I will argue that Socrates is not guilty of corrupting the youth with the idea of not believing in the Gods but of teaching the youth to think for themselves by looking to new divinities. The first main argument in support of the thesis is that it is societys job to educate the youth and Socrates argues that it is impossible for just one man to corrupt the youth. This is the first mistake made by Meletus, as he makes the absurd overstatement that every Athenian improves and elevates the youth; all with the exception of Socrates, who alone is their corrupter. Socrates goes on to defend himself by alluding to a horse analogy. Socrates argues that (P1) trainers improve horses, (P2) all others who simply ride horses, injure or corrupt horses, (P3) there are fewer trainers than riders, (P4) therefore, those who corrupt horses are in smaller number than those who ride horses and we can conclude that (C) people are corrupted by a majority rather than a minority. Socrates believes that this analogy to horses must be true of all animals and furthermore, for all people. Socrates utilizes this analogy to point out that Meletus overstatement is rather ironic, since according to M eletus all other beings except for the youth in the world are more likely to be corrupted by a majority rather than a minority. For this reason, it is more logical that the youth have been corrupted by a majority like the judges, senators, and the Athenians rather than one man, Socrates. Meletus overstatement and inability to defend himself reflects poorly on his character and further gives more authority to Socrates as it seems that Meletus is only arguing for the sake of argument and that he has no true evidence to prove that Socrates is guilty of corrupting the youth. The next step in the line of reasoning that supports the thesis of this paper is that Meletus contradicts himself by saying that Socrates both believes and does not believe in the Gods. Socrates begins by asking Meletus if he thinks that Socrates has corrupted the young by teaching them not to acknowledge the gods which the state acknowledges, but some other new divinities, and Meletus agrees that this is the reason for his accusation. However, Meletus further states that Socrates is a complete atheist, meaning that he does not believe in god at all. This inconsistency in Meletus answers refute the entire accusation that Socrates is an atheist because Meletus already has established that Socrates teaches other men to acknowledge some gods, and therefore that he does believe in gods, and is not an entire atheist. This can also be presented as an argument in which our first premise is (P1) that Atheists do not believe in Gods, our second premise is that (P2) Socrates believes in God, a nd our conclusion therefore is that (C) Socrates is not an Atheist. This logically proves that Meletus is incorrect in his reasoning and that Socrates is not guilty of teaching the youth not to believe in Gods as a whole, but has only attempted to broaden their minds by introducing them to divinities outside of the state. .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea , .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .postImageUrl , .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea , .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:hover , .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:visited , .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:active { border:0!important; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:active , .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b34551114f214d0f2882e19f263c7ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: book reviw EssayA final argument that we can make in defense of this thesis is that Socrates does believe in Gods, which would refute any reason for him to corrupt the youth with atheistic ideas. Socrates begins by asking a series of question: Did ever man, Meletus, believe in the existence of human things, and not human beings? Did ever any man believe in horsemanship, and not in horses? Or in flute-playing, and not in flute players? Socrates does not understand how Meletus states that the answer to all these questions is that it would be impossible, yet when Socrates believes in spirits and demigods, Meletus thinks it is possible for Socrates to be an atheist. The basic argument we can look at is that (P1) if you believe in human things, you believe in human beings; (P2) if you believe in divine or spiritual agencies, you believe in divine or spiritual beings; and therefore we can conclude that (C1) since Socrates believes in divine or spiritual agencies, he too, believes in divine or spiritual beings. Socrates says he specifically believes in the spirits or demigods, who are none other than gods or the sons of gods. This argument completely objects to the idea that Socrates has polluted the minds of the youth with ideas of not believing in God, when he in fact believes in gods himself. Socrates has only opened the eyes of the youth in order to teach them not to be ignorant and take the beliefs of others as their own. Socrates has encouraged the youth to seek their own faith and find their own gods, whether they are the Gods of the state or new divinities. Socrates has only sought to educate the youth with the idea of individuality and thinking for themselves, but has never sought to corrupt them. One possible objection to this argument is that Meletus was unfairly questioned in his cross-examination by Socrates, who some may say does not seem to have an interest in identifying the source of Meletus views. Instead, Socrates continuously dismisses Meletus as being mean-spirited and ignorant. Throughout the cross-examination, it seems that Socrates bullies Meletus by mocking him and pushing him to answer quickly and it seems that Meletus is not unable to answer but is instead intimidated by Socrates witty and bitter comments. Furthermore, Socrates seems to leave off questioning Meletus at times and decides to answer his questions for himself. For this reason, many may argue that The Apology is biased towards Socrates in that we rarely see the side of a speaker other than Socrates. They may further argue that if Meletus was able to testify his whole account of Socrates accusations without the interruption of Socrates derogatory remarks, that we may actually find Socrates to be an atheist and a corrupter of the youth. Another possible objection that would refute this thesis relates to Socrates belief in the gods as his proof for believing in them is highly questionable. Socrates makes a giant leap from saying that he believes in supernatural beings to saying he believes in gods. Socrates asserts that all spirits or supernatural beings are either gods or children of the gods; however, spirits can include many others such as dead souls or ghosts. One may go on to say that if Socrates truly believed in a certain divinity, he would provide us with an example instead of continuously asserting that he believes in one god or some gods. In response to the first objection, we could say that it is Socrates that is being put on trial and not Meletus and so Socrates should do everything in his power to defend himself and make sure that the jury does not find him guilty. Socrates may not have given enough time for Meletus to respond, however, he did give him the opportunity and the fact that Meletus was not ready to respond or accidentally said something he did not want to say shows that Meletus has no real evidence leading to the conclusion that Socrates has corrupted the youth and is an atheist. Instead, it seems that Meletus is trying to prove Socrates guilty for personal reasons rather than for the good of the youth. Once again, Meletus inconsistency in argument gives us more faith in Socrates side of the story. If Meletus is truly determined to prove that Socrates is guilty, then he would have spoken up instead of being intimidated by Socrates demeaning language. Furthermore, in response to the comment that Socrates dismissed Meletus with degrading language, the same could be said about Meletus, who continuously calls Socrates an evil-doer and an atheist. To someone who believes in the gods, being called an atheist could be one of the greatest insults. Therefore, the objection fails to refute the thesis since it is Meletus weakness in his ability to communicate that makes The Apology seem biased rather than Socrates being unwilling to allow Meletus to communicate his views. In response to the second objection, Socrates does make a large leap from saying that he believes in the spirits to saying that he believes in the gods, however, this does not necessarily mean that his statements are false. In the objection we say that these supernatural spirits could include ghosts or other dead souls, but at the same time the spirits can include other divinities and gods. We are not trying to prove that Socrates believes in a certain god, but that he is not an atheist, or one who denies or disbelieves the existence of god. Furthermore, Socrates is already charged of teaching the youth to believe in divinities and unlike supernatural powers, divinities are deities or gods and goddesses. The fact that Socrates believes in divinities refutes any objection that Socrates may be an atheist. .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 , .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .postImageUrl , .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 , .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:hover , .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:visited , .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:active { border:0!important; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:active , .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8 .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8dd8f330897a94d476b3ba70560b90c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The accounting and financial side to Apple Inc EssayIt has been argued in this paper that the charges held against Socrates for corrupting

Montesquieu`s Definition Of Law Essays - Montesquieu, Philosophy

Montesquieu`s Definition Of Law The following was completed for a Political Thought and Theory Class in my Senior Year of Highschool..my grade was an 85 Montesquieu: Definition of Law Into the first three chapters of Book 1, The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu condensed a lifetime of thinking, not so much on law as what law is, (after all, the work by Montesquieu is entitled The Spirit of Laws, not The Laws of the Spirit). The definition of law provided to us by Montesquieu can be most clearly identified as a series of relationships which are derived from the nature of things; relationships varying not only among human beings, but animals and thought. Background: Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondatbaron de la Br?de et de Born January 18, 1689, Montesquieu (Caption 1-1) belonged to an old family of modest wealth that had been ennobled in the 16th century for services to the crown. Charles-Louis studied at the faculty of law at the University of Bordeaux, was graduated, and ventured out for experience in law. He married Jeanne de Lartique and through marriage he became socially and financially secure. He wrote many works pertaining to the lawfield (Encarta). Montesquieu's Definitions of Law "Laws, in their most general signification, are the necessary relations arising from the nature of things." (Spirit) Montesquieu in the first book would seem to be collating all that has been said on the law into some complex equation, eliminating the common and arriving at some simple solution. Thus, laws in the most general sense are the relationships between things (all things) as the nature of things shows: the nature of things seen, heard, and read. God isn't seen nor heard, or read; still, he must have his place, but not first in the order of the nature of things (Catholic). "There is, then, a prime reason; and laws are the relations subsisting between it and different beings, and the relations of these to one another." (Spirit) But we have overlooked a key word kept by Montesquieu in his most concentrated definition: laws are not only relationships, they are necessary relationships. Here grows a somewhat ambiguous question. Why are they necessary? They are not necessary due to a decree of some sort, but become natural; thus the term "Prime Reason. (Loy 89)" "God is related to the universe, as Creator and Preserver; the laws by which He created all things are those by which He preserves them. He acts according to these rules, because He knows them; He knows them, because He made them; and He made them, because they are in relation to His wisdom and power." (Spirit) It is true that Montesquieu seems to waver between "natural law" and "laws of nature" as expressions. It is also true that he defines laws of nature as those that derive solely from our beings (Loy 90). "By the allurement of pleasure they preserve the individual, and by the same allurement they preserve their species. They have natural laws, because they are united by sensation; positive laws they have none, because they are not connected by knowledge." (Spirit) Animals however, are without knowledge but have some natural laws. Although Montesquieu does spare us the seventeenth-century discussion of pre-social man, he has not escaped certain confusions in regards to human reason and Prime Reason (Chan). "Before there were intelligent beings, laws were possible; they had therefore possible relations, and consequently possible laws. Before laws were made, there were relations of possible justice. To say that there is nothing just or unjust but what is commanded or forbidden by positive laws, is the same as saying that before the describing of a circle all the radii were not equal." (Spirit) It is also in his discussion of natural law that Montesquieu comes to the conclusion that after God comes first a state of peace. For Montesquieu, peace is the first law of nature. Following natural laws are nourishment, sex, and society (Chan). "But the intelligent world is far from being so well governed as the physical. For though the former has also its laws, which of their own nature are invariable, it does not conform to them so exactly as the physical world." (Spirit) Once the natural law is done with (and Montesquieu started there for many reasons), one is on relatively clearer, emperic grounds with the positive laws. International law, political law, civil law: nothing in Montesquieu's estimation could be more easily grasped from looking at man's past. When Montesquieu makes his famous statement that law is human reason, one takes note he is writing